📘 Detailed Notes on Determiners (निश्चायक शब्द)

🔹 1. Articles (लेख)

English Explanation:
Articles are used before nouns to show whether the noun refers to something specific or general.

• A / An → Indefinite articles (अनिश्चित लेख – कोई भी एक)
• The → Definite article (निश्चित लेख – वही विशेष वस्तु/व्यक्ति)

Rules:

1. Use a before consonant sounds. (a boy, a dog)
2. Use an before vowel sounds. (an apple, an hour → यहाँ h silent है)
3. Use the before unique things (the sun, the moon, the Taj Mahal).

Examples:

• I saw a cat. (मैंने एक बिल्ली देखी।)
• She bought an orange. (उसने एक संतरा खरीदा।)
• The Earth is round. (पृथ्वी गोल है।)

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🔹 2. Demonstratives (संकेतवाचक शब्द)

English Explanation:
Demonstratives point out a person or thing.

Words: this, that, these, those

• This → singular, near (यह – पास)
• That → singular, far (वह – दूर)
• These → plural, near (ये – पास)
• Those → plural, far (वे – दूर)

Examples:

• This pen is mine. (यह पेन मेरा है।)
• Those flowers are beautiful. (वे फूल सुंदर हैं।)

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🔹 3. Possessives (अधिकार सूचक निश्चायक)

English Explanation:
Possessive determiners show ownership/possession.

Words: my, your, his, her, its, our, their

• My → मेरा
• Your → तुम्हारा
• His/Her → उसका
• Our → हमारा
• Their → उनका

Examples:

• This is my car. (यह मेरी कार है।)
• Their teacher is strict. (उनका शिक्षक सख्त है।)

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🔹 4. Quantifiers (परिमाण सूचक निश्चायक)

English Explanation:
Quantifiers show quantity or amount of a noun.

Common Words: some, any, much, many, a lot of, few, little, several, enough

Rules & Usage:

• Some → positive sentences (some water, कुछ पानी)
• Any → negative / questions (Do you have any money?)
• Many → countable plural nouns (many books – कई किताबें)
• Much → uncountable nouns (much sugar – बहुत चीनी)
• Few → very little (few friends – बहुत कम दोस्त)
• A few → some but not many (a few pens – कुछ पेन)
• Little → लगभग नहीं के बराबर (little hope – बहुत कम उम्मीद)
• A little → थोड़ी बहुत (a little milk – थोड़ा दूध)

Examples:

• I have many books. (मेरे पास बहुत किताबें हैं।)
• There is little water in the bottle. (बोतल में बहुत कम पानी है।)
• She needs some help. (उसे थोड़ी मदद चाहिए।)

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🔹 5. Numbers (संख्या सूचक निश्चायक)

English Explanation:
Numbers as determiners show exact count or order.

Types:

• Cardinal numbers (मूल संख्या): one, two, three… (एक, दो, तीन)
• Ordinal numbers (क्रम संख्या): first, second, third… (पहला, दूसरा, तीसरा)

Examples:

• He has three cars. (उसके पास तीन कारें हैं।)
• This is my first visit. (यह मेरी पहली यात्रा है।)

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🔹 6. Distributives (विभाजक निश्चायक)

English Explanation:
Distributive determiners refer to persons or things one at a time or separately.

Words: each, every, either, neither

Uses:

• Each → हर एक अलग-अलग (Each student = हर एक विद्यार्थी)
• Every → सभी को मिलाकर (Every child = हर बच्चा)
• Either → कोई एक (Either side = कोई एक तरफ)
• Neither → कोई नहीं (Neither answer = कोई उत्तर नहीं)

Examples:

• Each student got a gift. (हर विद्यार्थी को एक उपहार मिला।)
• Neither answer is correct. (कोई भी उत्तर सही नहीं है।)

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🔹 7. Interrogatives (प्रश्नवाचक निश्चायक)

English Explanation:
Interrogative determiners are used for asking questions.

Words: which, what, whose

• Which → कौन सा
• What → क्या
• Whose → किसका

Examples:

• Which book do you like? (तुम्हें कौन सी किताब पसंद है?)
• Whose pen is this? (यह पेन किसका है?)

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🔹 8. Difference between Quantifiers & Numbers

• Quantifiers → show indefinite quantity (some, few, many).
• Numbers → show exact count (one, two, three).

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🔹 9. Key Points to Remember (मुख्य बातें याद रखने योग्य)

1. Determiners always come before nouns (Determiner + Noun).
   • Example: My car, Two books, That boy
2. We cannot use two articles together.
   • ❌ The a man
   • ✅ A man
3. Demonstratives and Possessives cannot be used together.
   • ❌ This my book
   • ✅ This book / My book

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✅ Quick Table for Revision

Type	English Words	Hindi Meaning	Example
Articles	a, an, the	लेख	The sun rises in the east.
Demonstratives	this, that, these, those	यह, वह, ये, वे	This is my pen.
Possessives	my, your, his, her, our, their	मेरा, तुम्हारा, उसका	My brother is tall.
Quantifiers	some, many, few, much, little	कुछ, कई, बहुत	She has many friends.
Numbers	one, two, first, second	एक, दो, पहला	He bought two pens.
Distributives	each, every, either, neither	प्रत्येक, हर, कोई एक, कोई नहीं	Each student passed.
Interrogatives	which, what, whose	कौन सा, क्या, किसका	Whose bag is this?

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