Narration Notes – Direct & Indirect Speech Explained on Masterji.in
Understanding Direct & Indirect Speech is crucial for mastering English grammar. Whether you are preparing for school exams, competitive tests, or improving your language skills, learning narration rules is essential. Masterji.in provides comprehensive Narration Notes to help students grasp the concept easily.
Direct and Indirect Narration MCQs | Direct and Indirect Narration Online Test
📚 Direct & Indirect Speech (Narration) – Complete Guide with Hindi Explanation
🌟 What is Narration? | Narration क्या होता है?
English:
Narration means reporting what someone has said. There are two types:
- Direct Speech (प्रत्यक्ष वाक्य) – बोलने वाले के शब्दों को हूबहू दोहराना।
🔹 Words are written inside inverted commas (” “).
🔹 Example: He said, “I am happy.”
👉 उसने कहा, “मैं खुश हूँ।” - Indirect Speech (अप्रत्यक्ष वाक्य) – बोलने वाले के शब्दों को अपने शब्दों में बताना।
🔹 No inverted commas used.
🔹 Example: He said that he was happy.
👉 उसने कहा कि वह खुश था।
🧠 Rules for Converting Direct to Indirect Speech | Direct को Indirect में बदलने के नियम
🔁 1. Change of Reporting Verb | Reporting Verb का परिवर्तन
- यदि Reporting Verb Present या Future में हो (says, will say), तो Reported Speech का Tense नहीं बदलता।
- यदि Reporting Verb Past में हो (said, told), तो Reported Speech का Tense बदलता है।
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | हिंदी उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| He said, “I like apples.” | He said that he liked apples. | उसने कहा, “मुझे सेब पसंद हैं।” → उसने कहा कि उसे सेब पसंद थे। |
| He says, “I am tired.” | He says that he is tired. | वह कहता है, “मैं थका हुआ हूँ।” → वह कहता है कि वह थका हुआ है। |
| He said to me, “You are late.” | He told me that I was late. | उसने मुझसे कहा, “तुम लेट हो।” → उसने मुझसे कहा कि मैं लेट था। |
🧍 2. Change of Pronouns | Pronouns का परिवर्तन
📌 Pronouns बदलते हैं – कर्ता (Speaker), श्रोता (Listener) और कथन में वर्णित व्यक्ति (Object) के अनुसार।
🔷 Formula to Change Pronouns (SON Rule):
| Person | Rule |
|---|---|
| S – Subject (1st person) | Reporting Verb के Subject के अनुसार बदलेगा |
| O – Object (2nd person) | Reporting Verb के Object के अनुसार बदलेगा |
| N – No change (3rd person) | कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता |
⏳ 3. Change of Tenses | Tense का परिवर्तन
📌 Tense केवल तब बदलता है जब Reporting Verb Past Tense में हो।
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | हिंदी उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| He said, “I am happy.” | He said that he was happy. | उसने कहा, “मैं खुश हूँ।” → उसने कहा कि वह खुश था। |
| She said, “I write a letter.” | She said that she wrote a letter. | उसने कहा, “मैं पत्र लिखती हूँ।” → उसने कहा कि उसने पत्र लिखा। |
| They said, “We have finished our work.” | They said that they had finished their work. | उन्होंने कहा, “हमने काम खत्म कर लिया है।” → उन्होंने कहा कि उन्होंने काम खत्म कर लिया था। |
| He said, “She will go to school.” | He said that she would go to school. | उसने कहा, “वह स्कूल जाएगी।” → उसने कहा कि वह स्कूल जाएगी। |
🔄 Tense Conversion Chart | Tense बदलने का चार्ट
| Direct Speech (Tense) | Indirect Speech (Tense) | हिंदी उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Simple Past | “I eat an apple.” → He said that he ate an apple. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | “She is reading.” → He said that she was reading. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | “I have finished.” → He said that he had finished. |
| Simple Past | Past Perfect | “She wrote a letter.” → He said that she had written a letter. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | “They were playing.” → He said they had been playing. |
| Future (will) | Would | “I will go.” → He said he would go. |
🟨 No Tense Change when Reporting Verb is Present/Future
- He says, “I go there.” → He says that he goes there.
- She will say, “I am tired.” → She will say that she is tired.
🕒 4. Change of Time and Place Words | समय और स्थान के शब्दों का परिवर्तन
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | हिंदी में |
|---|---|---|
| today | that day | आज → उस दिन |
| yesterday | the previous day | कल → पिछले दिन |
| tomorrow | the next day | कल → अगले दिन |
| now | then | अब → तब |
| this | that | यह → वह |
| these | those | ये → वे |
| here | there | यहाँ → वहाँ |
🧾 5. Conversion According to Sentence Type | वाक्य के प्रकार के अनुसार परिवर्तन
✅ (a) Statements (Assertive Sentences)
🔹 said → said that
Example:
- Direct: She said, “I am happy.”
👉 Indirect: She said that she was happy.
👉 उसने कहा, “मैं खुश हूँ।” → उसने कहा कि वह खुश थी।
✅ (b) Interrogative Sentences (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य)
🔹 Said → asked / inquired
🔹 Yes/No questions → if / whether
🔹 Wh-questions → उसी question word से शुरू होता है
Examples:
✅ Yes/No Type:
- Direct: He said, “Do you like pizza?”
👉 Indirect: He asked if I liked pizza.
👉 उसने पूछा, “क्या तुम्हें पिज्जा पसंद है?” → उसने पूछा कि क्या मुझे पिज्जा पसंद है।
✅ Wh- Type:
- Direct: She said, “Where are you going?”
👉 Indirect: She asked where I was going.
👉 उसने पूछा, “तुम कहाँ जा रहे हो?” → उसने पूछा कि मैं कहाँ जा रहा था।
✅ (c) Imperative Sentences (आदेश / निवेदन / सुझाव)
🔹 Said to → ordered, requested, advised
🔹 Structure: to + V1
Examples:
✅ Order:
- Direct: The teacher said, “Close the door.”
👉 Indirect: The teacher ordered to close the door.
👉 शिक्षक ने कहा, “दरवाज़ा बंद करो।” → शिक्षक ने दरवाज़ा बंद करने का आदेश दिया।
✅ Request:
- Direct: He said, “Please help me.”
👉 Indirect: He requested to help him.
👉 उसने कहा, “कृपया मेरी मदद करो।” → उसने मदद करने का निवेदन किया।
✅ Advice:
- Direct: He said, “You should study hard.”
👉 Indirect: He advised to study hard.
👉 उसने कहा, “तुम्हें मेहनत से पढ़ना चाहिए।” → उसने मेहनत से पढ़ने की सलाह दी।
✅ (d) Exclamatory & Wish Sentences (भाववाचक वाक्य)
🔹 said → exclaimed / wished / congratulated
🔹 भाव को दिखाने वाला शब्द जोड़ते हैं: with joy, with sorrow आदि
Examples:
✅ Exclamation:
- Direct: He said, “Wow! What a beautiful place!”
👉 Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful place.
👉 उसने कहा, “वाह! कितनी सुंदर जगह है!” → उसने हर्ष से कहा कि वह एक सुंदर जगह थी।
✅ Wish:
- Direct: She said, “May you succeed!”
👉 Indirect: She wished that I might succeed.
👉 उसने कहा, “तुम सफल हो जाओ!” → उसने मुझे सफल होने की शुभकामना दी।
🧠 SON Formula in Narration | SON सूत्र क्या है?
SON का मतलब है:
- S → First Person Pronoun (I, we, me, my, our, us)
- O → Second Person Pronoun (you, your)
- N → Third Person Pronoun (he, she, it, they, his, her, them, etc.)
👉 यह सूत्र यह तय करता है कि Direct Speech में प्रयुक्त Pronouns को Indirect Speech में कैसे बदलें।
🔍 क्यों और कैसे बदलते हैं Pronouns?
जब हम किसी का कथन Report करते हैं (यानि Indirect Speech बनाते हैं), तो हम उस कथन के कर्त्ता (S – Subject), श्रोता (O – Object), और कथन में वर्णित व्यक्ति (N – No Change) के अनुसार Pronouns को बदलते हैं।
📌 SON Formula in Detail (1 → 2 → 3)
| Pronoun Type | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| S (First Person) – I, we, me, my, us, our | 🔹 यह Reporting Verb के Subject (कर्ता) के अनुसार बदलता है। | He said, “I am late.” → He said that he was late. |
| O (Second Person) – you, your | 🔹 यह Reporting Verb के Object (श्रोता) के अनुसार बदलता है। | Ram said to me, “You are nice.” → Ram told me that I was nice. |
| N (Third Person) – he, she, it, they, them, his, her | 🔹 इसमें कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता। | She said, “He is honest.” → She said that he was honest. |
✨ अब इसे उदाहरणों से बेहतर समझते हैं:
🟩 (1) First Person (S → Subject के अनुसार बदलेगा)
Rule:
- “I”, “we”, “my”, “our”, “me”, “us”
→ बदलेंगे Reporting Verb के Subject के अनुसार।
| Sentence | Explanation |
|---|---|
| She said, “I am ready.” | |
| 👉 उसने कहा, “मैं तैयार हूँ।” | |
| ➡ She said that she was ready. | “I” = First Person → बदलेंगे Subject “She” के अनुसार = “she” |
| They said, “We are going.”
👉 उन्होंने कहा, “हम जा रहे हैं।”
➡ They said that they were going. | “We” → बदलेंगे Subject “They” के अनुसार = “they” |
🟨 (2) Second Person (O → Object के अनुसार बदलेगा)
Rule:
- “you”, “your”
→ बदलेंगे Reporting Verb के Object के अनुसार।
| Sentence | Explanation |
|---|---|
| He said to me, “You are late.” | |
| 👉 उसने मुझसे कहा, “तुम लेट हो।” | |
| ➡ He told me that I was late. | “You” → Object “me” के अनुसार बदला = “I” |
| She said to her friends, “You should work hard.”
👉 उसने अपने दोस्तों से कहा, “तुम्हें कड़ी मेहनत करनी चाहिए।”
➡ She told her friends that they should work hard. | “You” → Object “friends” के अनुसार बदला = “they” |
🟦 (3) Third Person (N → No Change)
Rule:
- “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”, “his”, “her”, “them”, etc.
→ कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता।
| Sentence | Explanation |
|---|---|
| He said, “She is my sister.” | |
| 👉 उसने कहा, “वह मेरी बहन है।” | |
| ➡ He said that she was his sister. | “She” = third person → कोई बदलाव नहीं |
| She said, “They have arrived.”
👉 उसने कहा, “वे आ गए हैं।”
➡ She said that they had arrived. | “They” = third person → कोई बदलाव नहीं |
✅ SON Formula Summary Table in Hindi
| Person | Rule | बदलाव किसके अनुसार होगा? |
|---|---|---|
| S (1st person) | Subject के अनुसार बदलेगा | He said, “I…” → he said that he… |
| O (2nd person) | Object के अनुसार बदलेगा | She said to me, “You…” → she told me that I… |
| N (3rd person) | कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होगा | He said, “She…” → he said that she… |
🎯 Practice Example (All Three Together)
Direct: Ram said to Shyam, “I will help you, but he won’t help you.”
👉 राम ने श्याम से कहा, “मैं तुम्हारी मदद करूंगा, लेकिन वह नहीं करेगा।”
Indirect: Ram told Shyam that he would help him, but he would not help him.
🔍 Ram = I → he (S)
🔍 Shyam = you → him (O)
🔍 he = he (N – No change)
📌 Conclusion (निष्कर्ष)
- S → First Person → बदलता है Subject के अनुसार
- O → Second Person → बदलता है Object के अनुसार
- N → Third Person → नहीं बदलता
यह नियम Narration में Pronouns बदलने के लिए सबसे महत्वपूर्ण है। इसे समझने के बाद आपकी Narration की Foundation मजबूत हो जाएगी।
Direct and Indirect Narration MCQs | Direct and Indirect Narration Online Test